Peer review model
Submissions are assessed for fit, quality, relevance, clarity, and integrity. Independent peer review is used where appropriate to article type.
Reviewer independence
Reviewers should declare conflicts of interest and treat manuscripts as confidential.
Editor responsibility
Editors are responsible for decisions and for handling submissions by editors or board members with appropriate separation.
Research ethics
Authors must disclose ethics approval, consent, permissions, and relevant governance approvals where applicable.
Authorship and contributorship
Listed authors should have made a meaningful contribution and approve the submitted version.
Misconduct
Plagiarism, duplicate submission, data fabrication, falsification, citation manipulation, and undisclosed AI use may lead to rejection or correction.
Corrections and retractions
Material errors, ethical concerns, or unreliable findings may be corrected, updated, or retracted following editorial review.
Appeals and complaints
Appeals and complaints should be sent to the editorial office with clear evidence and the manuscript or publication reference.